"OOL STEEL 

ITS USES AND 
TREATMENT 

FOR THE 

PRACTICAL MECHANIC 



THE 
BOURNE-FULLER CO. 

Iroi%, Steel 

Pig Iron 

Coke 

CLEVELAND 



PITTSBURGH 
NEW YORK 



CINCINNATI 
CHICAGO 



SAN FRANCISCO 
DETROIT 




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Book t Q k ? 

Copyright^? 



CQEOSIGHT DEEOSm 



TOOL STEEL 

ITS USES AND 
TREATMENT 

FOR THE 

Practical Mechanic 



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THE 
BOURNE -FULLER CO. 

TOOL STEEL DEPARTMENT 
CLEVELAND, OHIO 






Copyright, 1921, by 
THE BOURNE-FULLER CO. 

Sketches by permission of 
G. R. Maclnnes, B. S., Met. E. 



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H629336 



NOV -7 i$2 



Preface 



THIS booklet is an attempt to 
simplify problems which arise 
in connection with the heat 
treatment of Tool-Steel. 

While one of its objects is to in- 
crease the already large number of 
users who recognize the superiority of 
BOURNE-FULLER TOOL-STEELS, 
we believe it will also be useful in many 
other ways, as it is the result of many 
years of practical experience, coupled 
with a thorough scientific understanding 
of the entire subject. This means a 
wide acquaintance with the practical 
problems of the machine-shop, as well as 
those in the making of the steel itself. 

Our Tool-Steel representatives are 
experts in the selection, treatment, and 
uses of our steels. Their advice and 
co-operation is at your service any time, 
and we trust you will avail yourself of 
our readiness to assist you in obtaining 
maximum results. 

THE BOURNE-FULLER CO. 

TOOL STEEL DEPARTMENT. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PART I— GENERAL INFORMATION 

Requirements Met by Bourne-Fuller Tool Steel. ... 8 

What Our Guarantee Means . 9 

PART II— FOR THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC 

Annealing and Its Purpose 15-16 

Annealing Mixture 17 

Critical Range 11-12 

Case Hardening 25-27 

Hardening of Steel 14-15 

Heating and Its Purpose. 21-22-23 

Mechanical Working of Steel 12-13 

Quenching 23 

Testing of Steel . . 18-19-20 

Tempering or Drawing 24 

PART III— CATALOG SECTION 

Air Hardening (Hot Work) Steel 30 

Acme (Open Hearth High Carbon Mach. Steel) 38 

Arrestite (Oil Hardening) Steel 33 

Carbon Tool-Steel Tempers 39-40 

Classification of Extras 42-46 

Dumost (Vanadium) Tool Steel 32 

Drill Rod List Prices 57-59 

Extra Special (Carbon) Tool-Steel 37 

Extra (Carbon) Tool-Steel 37 

Guarantee 28 

Gauges, Sheet Metal, Compared 62-63 

High Speed (Tungsten) Steel 29 

Ring Extras 41 

Special Auto (Alloy) Steel 35-36 

Standard (Carbon) Tool-Steel 37 

Spring Steel 38 

Tool (Carbon) Steel. . . 38 

Tables of Decimal Equivalents, etc 61 

Unique (Alloy) Steel 34 

Velvet (Fast Finishing) Steel 31 

Weights of Carbon Tool Steel 49-56 

Weights of Drill Rod 60 

Weights of High Speed Steel . . . .47-48 

When Ordering (Suggestions). 28 

X X Superior (Hot Work) Steel 33 



PART I 
GENERAL INFORMATION 

THE first consideration in the purchase 
of Tool-Steel is, naturally, the result to 
be obtained by its use. This problem 
has become increasingly difficult in view of the 
many advances made in the manufacture of 
Tool-Steels during recent years. To meet these 
problems as they arise has been the constant 
aim of our Metallurgical and Testing Labora- 
tories. 

A second point which should be considered 
carefully before the steel is purchased is the 
heat-treatment to which it must be subjected 
before it can be used. 

A third essential to success, and its impor- 
tance cannot be over-estimated, is the relia- 
bility of the maker. The correct formula is 
not, in itself, enough to insure success. It is 
also necessary to have the best possible raw 
material; strictly pure chemicals; competent 
mill men thoroughly conversant with the 
manufacture of Tool-Steel, and the closest 
possible inspection before the material leaves 
the mill. Only in this way can perfect uni- 
formity be assured. 



WHERE OUR PROBLEMS ARE WORKED OUT 




Chemical Laboratory 




Heat Treating Room 

6 



From the foregoing paragraph it will be 
noted that no amount of theoretical knowledge 
will enable the manufacturer to escape the per- 
sonal equation. Practical experience and in- 
tegrity are absolute requirements all along the 
Jine. The factor of safety must be so large 
that the initial quality of the steel before 
treatment and the simplicity of the treatment 
Itself will counterbalance any defects in 
machine-shop practice. 

Recognition of the importance of these ele- 
ments has enabled us to build up a Tool-Steel 
Department in which practical knowledge of 
the customer's problems, and personal service, 
are considered equal in importance to the 
quality of the steel itself. 



REQUIREMENTS MET BY 
BOURNE -FULLER STEEL 

1. The production of absolutely uniform and 
reliable steel. 

2. The production of steel of various types 
to meet any required purpose, no matter 
what that purpose may be. 

3 . The production of High-Speed and Special 
Alloy Steel, better and more easily worked 
than any heretofore in use. 

4. The improvement and simplifying of heat- 
treatment methods, eliminating as far as 
possible the problems which usually must 
be met in the machine-shop, or the black- 
smith-shop; in other words, the produc- 
tion of a steel as nearly perfect as possible. 

5. The production of a line of Tool-Steels 
covering all requirements, and every bar 
of which can be depended upon to give 
service and satisfaction. 

6. Exact instructions for the use of the me- 
chanic so far as these are necessary. 

7. PERSONAL CO-OPERATION with the 
customer at every point in order to assure 
success. 



WHAT OUR GUARANTEE MEANS 

We have absolute confidence in our steel and 
in our Tool-Steel Department. We have 
never known either of them to fail a customer. 
Absolute perfection is an ideal which is seldom 
realized, and as long as men are human, 
mechanical defects may occur. 

We guarantee every bar of our steel abso- 
lutely, and if it is found defective, we will 
replace it, but no claims for labor or damages 
will be allowed. 

We can state as a positive fact, that, pro- 
vided we know the use to which the steel is to 
be put, satisfactory results should follow with 
absolute certainty. We welcome the oppor- 
tunity to demonstrate this fact. 

In twenty-five years we do not know of a 
single instance where we have not been able, if 
given the opportunity, to show that the steel 
would do all and more than we claimed for it. 

A fair trial is all we ask in return for the 
absolute guarantee of our product and the 
earnest co-operation of our TOOL-STEEL 
DEPARTMENT. 



PART II 

FOR THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC 

A brief explanation of the right way to 
treat Tool-Steel for various purposes in 
order to secure satisfactory results. 

TOOL-STEEL in itself consists mainly 
of iron and carbon, together with very 
small amounts of manganese, phosphor- 
ous, sulphur, silicon, and whatever other ele- 
ments are necessary to produce the various 
steels in use today. 

The existence of so many varieties of steel 
makes the task of the user a difficult one, and 
for this reason our experience has proven that 
the best results can be secured only by inviting 
the CO-OPERATION of a reliable and expe- 
rienced manufacturer. 

While great care is exercised in selecting 
expert mechanics to form this steel into tools, 
too often the importance of proper treatment 
is overlooked. Steel can only respond to the 
treatment given in the tempering room, and 
unless the operator is conversant with the 
effect of heat on steel, the results obtained 
are liable to be unsatisfactory. 

All steels, of whatever composition, have 
their individual critical range, and to secure 
the most satisfactory results, the operator 
should know this range. 

10 



CRITICAL RANGE DIAGRAM 




The critical range is the range in which 
structural changes take place in steel. 

By referring to Figure 1, you will notice the 
critical points occurring in heating steel. The 
points Acl, Ac2 and Ac3, as shown on sketch, 
vary somewhat according to the carbon con- 
tent of the steel. Acl is the lower critical 
point, or the point where carbon and iron 
begin to combine. As the heat is applied and 

11 



advanced, this change becomes more apparent, 
so that when the heat reaches Ac3, the carbon 
is in the hardening condition, that is, in solid 
solution; like sugar dissolved in water, except 
that this solution is solid, not liquid. In 
steels containing less than .85 per cent, 
carbon, the lower the carbon content the 
greater the difference in the range between 
the points Acl and Ac3. At .85 per cent, 
carbon the points Acl, Ac2 and Ac3 merge, 
that is, they occur at the same time, with the 
result that the steel has only one point, called 
Acl-2-3. The same is true of steels containing 
over .85 per cent, carbon, that is, the Acl-2-3 
points are merged; therefore, the heat should 
be carried slightly beyond this merged point, 
or Acl-2-3, at which stage the refinement 
is complete. At this point the object is 
ready for quenching, which operation pre- 
serves the fine structure obtained in heating. 

THE MECHANICAL WORKING 
OF STEEL 

The mechanical working of steel, as illus- 
trated in Figure 2, relates to the rolling and 
forging operations. In these operations it is 
necessary that the steel be heated above the 
critical range, and in this heating, which is 
represented by AF, Figure 2, it can easily be 
seen that the higher the temperature is 
carried, the larger the grains become. 

12 




When the rolling or forging is started at G 
and stopped at H, that is, very much above the 
critical range, the grain structure will be 
coarse. 

When the rolling or forging is started at J 
and stopped at K, that is, just at the critical 
range, the grain structure will be refined. 

When the rolling or forging is started at L 
and stopped at M, that is, below the critical 
range, the grain structure will be greatly 
distorted. 



13 



HARDENING OF STEEL 




In the hardening operation, the steel is 
heated just past the critical range, that is, 
from A to B. By referring to Figure 3, you 
will note that the steel has a coarse grain or 
structure before reaching the critical range, 
and that after passing through the critical or 
transformation range, the grain becomes very 
fine. After the steel has been held sufficiently 
long at this temperature, the next step is to 
quench the steel, that is, as represented in 
Figure 3, from D to E. In this quenching 



14 



operation, the fine-grained structure which 
was obtained in heating through the critical 
range is held; however, the steel is in a greatly 
strained condition. The next step is to re- 
lieve these strains, and this is done in the 
tempering operation by heating below the 
critical range. 

ANNEALING AND ITS PURPOSE 




The object of annealing steel is to relieve 
stresses and strains; also to refine the grain and 
to make the steel soft and ductile so that it can 



15 



be easily machined and worked. By heating 
from A to B, as shown in Figure 4, the strains 
are relieved. By holding the heat at B, as in 
Figure 4, for a certain length of time, depend- 
ing upon the size of the piece, the refinement is 
obtained, after which the steel is allowed to 
cool slowly, that is, as illustrated in Figure 4, 
from D to E. During this cooling operation 
the grains increase somewhat in size. The 
slower the cooling, the softer the steel will be; 
for example, by cooling in air, a certain degree 
of softness is obtained, whereas if the steel is to 
be very soft, the cooling should be done in the 
furnace, or by burying the steel in lime or 
MICA ANNEALING MIXTURE which 
retards the rate of cooling. 

It can readily be seen that by heating higher 
than B, as illustrated in Figure 4, that is, from 
B to F, the grains again become large and 
brittle, which explains why steel should not be 
over-heated. 

Annealing decarbonizes the surface of steel 
and in hardening, to insure maximum hard- 
ness, this decarbonized surface should always 
be removed. If this is not done the surface of 
the steel will not harden. 



16 



FLAKE MICA ANNEALING MIXTURE 

Non- Combustible — It may be used over 
and over, thus making it more economical 
than lime, bone dust or charcoal, which are 
quickly consumed. 

Non-Conductor — It is a great non-con- 
ductor of heat, causing the steel to cool slowly, 
the result being a much more uniform degree 
of extreme softness. 

Annealing — It is used in precisely the same 
manner as any other material that is used for 
annealing, and is not affected by acids, gases 
or steam. 

Guarantee — We guarantee this mixture to 
be satisfactory in every respect for annealing 
purposes. It is packed in 100 lb. sacks. 



17 



TESTING OF STEEL 




Pulling tests are applied to practically all 
steels with the exception of TOOL-STEELS 
because TOOL-STEEL is used in the hard 
condition. 



18 



A B represents a test piece of steel being 
pulled in the testing machine and is usually 
0.5 inches in diameter. Aa Bb represents the 
same piece of steel after being pulled apart. 
The resistance of the material in the pulling 
test is indicated in pounds by the beam C D, 
as illustrated in Figure 5. 

ELASTIC LIMIT— The Elastic Limit is the 
maximum stretch a material can stand without 
permanent distortion or set. Within certain 
limits, steel is elastic, and on being stretched 
in a pulling test, returns to its original dimen- 
sions when the "Pull" is released. This is 
referred to in pounds per square inch and is 
arrived at by dividing the number of pounds 
shown in the pulling test by the area of cross 
section E, as illustrated in Figure 5. This is 
also referred to as the YIELD POINT. 

TENSILE STRENGTH— After the steel 
stretches, the pulling is continued to the point 
at which the test piece is actually pulled 
apart. The "pull" required to do this is 
called the Tensile Strength. This is also re- 
ferred to in pounds per square inch and is 
arrived at by dividing the number of pounds 
shown in the pulling test by the area of the 
cross section E, as in Figure 5. 

REDUCTION OF AREA— E as shown in 
Figure 5, represents the area of the cross sec- 
tion before pulling; Ee as shown in Figure.,5, 
the area of the cross section at the break. The 



19 



difference between E and Ee is the amount 
which the steel has reduced in area at the 
break. The reduction of area is referred to as 
"percentage of reduction/' and is arrived at by 
dividing the reduced area by the area of the 
original cross section E. The reduction of 
area is an index to the machining qualities; the 
greater the reduction of area, the more easily 
the steel will machine. 

ELONGATION— For example, let us say 

that A B, Figure 5, is two inches before the 
steel is pulled; Aa Bb is two and one-half 
inches, that is, after the steel is pulled apart; 
then the difference between A Band Aa Bb 
would be one-half inch, which shows that the 
steel has stretched one-half inch. To obtain 
the percentage of elongation, the amount of 
stretch, one-half inch, is divided by the original 
two inches, giving twenty-five per cent 
elongation. The Elongation is an index to the 
toughness of the steel, since it can be seen that 
if the steel is not tough, breaking would occur 
with little stretching. 



20 



HEATING AND ITS PURPOSE 

Modern appliances for heating steel are oil, 
gas and electric furnaces. If oil or gas is used, 
care should be taken to have perfect combus- 
tion, as too much air will have a tendency to 
oxidize the surface, resulting in hard and soft 
spots caused by the accumulation of scale, 
which prevents the water, in the quenching 
operation, from reaching the steel. 

To obtain best results from hardening, it 
is necessary that the steel first be thoroughly 
annealed. This is advocated in order to elimi- 
nate all strains. 

The two most important requirements in 
heating steel for hardening are TIME and 
TEMPERATURE. If sufficient time is not 
allowed for the piece to heat thoroughly, there 
is danger, when quenching, of its warping or 
even bursting. This is the result of uneven 
contraction and expansion, producing internal 
strains in the piece, which can only be relieved 
by the cracking of the piece. 

UNIFORM heating means the rate at which 
the heat is applied to and absorbed by the 
steel, and in ordinary practice is obtained only 
when the steel has absorbed the heat through- 
out, to the point where it is exactly the temper- 
ature of the furnace. Too often the steel is 

21 



quenched when the pyrometer indicates the 
proper temperature while the steel itself may 
not be within several hundred degrees of the 
heat registered by the pyrometer due to the 
fact that the piece is not heated throughout, 
so that to insure proper heating, the judgment 
of the operator is of as great importance as the 
reading of the pyrometer. 

The importance of perfect combustion can- 
not be too strongly emphasized. It frequently 
happens that furnaces are not properly regu- 
lated for the correct heating of steel, and un- 
less this operation is thoroughly understood 
and attended to, oxidation, as previously ex- 
plained, is the result. 

If a piece of steel is over-heated, it should 
not be held in the air until it cools to the proper 
temperature before quenching. It is much 
better, having over-heated the steel, to lay it 
down and allow it to cool. It should then be 
normalized, which is done by heating to the 
annealing range and holding at that tempera- 
ture for the required time, depending upon the 
size of the piece, after which it should be al- 
lowed to cool, which will give it the finest 
structure possible under the circumstances. 
Of course, steel which has been over-heated 
cannot be brought back to its original condi- 
tion, but the above method will give better re- 
sults than to quench in water when the heat is 
going back, especially after being over-heated. 

22 



The most important single direction for 
treating steel is this: ALWAYS HARDEN 
AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE HEAT for 

the hardness desired. The enormous number 
of expensive tools ruined in hardening makes it 
worth while for the temperer to observe this 
caution. 



QUENCHING BATHS 

Owing to the necessity for rapid cooling, 
water and light oils are most commonly used. 
The bath should be maintained at a standard 
temperature and the water or oil not permitted 
to become too warm, as very often in cases of 
this kind it would be impossible to obtain the 
UNIFORM results desired. The quenching 
tanks in use should be sufficiently large to in- 
sure rapid and UNIFORM cooling, with 
plenty of allowance for circulation. Water 
should not be used too long without the addi- 
tion of a fresh supply, as the cooling qualities 
are diminished in proportion to the length of 
time the water is in use. This is also true of 
oil. 

Brine is frequently used for cooling, but we 
advocate this method of quenching only in 
extreme cases. Best results are obtained by 
the use of clear fresh water. 

23 



TEMPERING OR DRAWING 

Tempering, or drawing, is usually accom- 
plished by heating the steel, after hardening, 
to a certain temperature below the critical 
range. This is done either on hot plates, 
in lead, salt or oil baths, or in electric furnaces 
especially adapted to this work. This opera- 
tion relieves the hardening strains and elimi- 
nates brittleness. 

To insure the proper temper for the work 
intended, it is advisable to brighten or polish 
the surface of the steel in order to be able to 
see the color at which the article is to be drawn. 
This, of course, is not necessary when drawing 
or tempering in oil or lead baths, as in this proc- 
ess the temperature is determined entirely by 
the thermometer. 

Light Straw 440 degrees Fahrenheit 

Deep Straw 480 degrees Fahrenheit 

Purple . .540 degrees Fahrenheit 

Blue 580 degrees Fahrenheit 

Oil baths are used for drawing up to 600 
degrees Fahrenheit; beyond this temperature 
either lead or salt baths are used, as they will 
withstand the higher temperatures, while the 
oil baths at temperatures beyond 600 are 
liable to flash and take fire. 

24 



CASE HARDENING 

Figure 6 represents a piece of steel before it 
is case-hardened. 

Figure 7 represents the same piece after 
case-hardening. 

In the case-hardening operation, the steel to 
be case-hardened is heated in contact with 
material containing carbon. In this manner 
the steel absorbs carbon from the material, 
with the result that the outside of the steel is 
of a higher carbon content than the inside, the 
object of which is to have the outside hard to 
resist wear and the inside of a lower carbon 
content and softer and tougher, so that it will 
withstand stresses and strains. 

The hard outside is called the "case," while 
the soft inside is called the "core." 

Steels to be case-hardened are usually of a 
low carbon content, that is, around 0.20 per 
cent carbon. The amount of carbon which the 
steel absorbs depends on the kind of carbon- 
izing material used, the temperature at which 
the carbonizing is performed, the length of 
time at this temperature, and also the compo- 
sition of the steel to be carbonized. 

Some of the materials used in case-harden- 
ing are: Potassium cyanide, bone, leather, 
charcoal and other carbonaceous material, 
that is, material containing carbon. In the 

25 




26 



cyanide method, the article to be case- 
hardened is dipped in a hot solution of cyanide, 
while in the other method, that is, pack-hard- 
ening, the articles are packed in the material, 
which is held in a carbonizing box and heated 
before quenching. 

Sometimes it is desired to carbonize only 
part of a piece of steel. One method to pro- 
tect the other part is by copper plating, in 
which case the copper prevents the carbon 
from being absorbed by the steel. 

Steels containing high silicon are difficult to 
carbonize. High phosphorus and high sul- 
phur are undesirable elements for case-hard- 
ening, as an excess of these elements tend to 
produce soft spots, cracks, etc. In the manu- 
facture of Bourne-Fuller ACME STEEL, as 
well as Bourne-Fuller SPECIAL VANADIUM 
TYPE A STEEL, these elements are con- 
trolled to the proper proportions for this 
class of work, making them particularly 
adaptable to the case-hardening process. 



27 



PART III 

CATALOG SECTION 

Description of Brands, Lists, Tables, Classifi- 
cations, etc. 

GUARANTEE 

We guarantee the quality of our product. 

Any steel proving defective will be replaced, but no 
claim whatever, either for labor or damages, will be 
allowed. 

PRICES: Prices are subject to change without 
notice. 

CLAIMS: Claims for errors must be made within 
thirty days from receipt of steel. 

WHEN ORDERING 

State: Brand name of steel desired. 
Size. — If rough or finished. 
If other than regular stock length is desired 
order should state approximate or exact 
length. 

Whether the steel is wanted annealed or un- 
annealed. We recommend annealing in near- 
ly all cases. 

All High Speed Steel should be ordered 
ANNEALED. 

The purpose for which the steel will be used. 
It is important that this information be 
complete. 

Whether shipment is desired by freight, ex- 
press or parcels post. 

28 



BOURNE-FULLER HIGH SPEED STEEL 

BOURNE-FULLER HIGH SPEED Steel 
embodies the latest developments in 
metallurgy. It is a HIGH SPEED 
Steel of first quality, made with the greatest 
care from the best raw materials obtainable. 

Bourne-Fuller HIGH SPEED Steel is a 
VANADIUM HIGH SPEED Steel, contain- 
ing a high percentage of Vanadium, which 
greatly increases the efficiency of high speed 
steel. It was one of the very first VANA- 
DIUM high speed steels produced in America. 

Bourne-Fuller HIGH SPEED Steel has a 
maximum degree of RED HARDNESS, which 
enables it to stand up to the work and carry a 
sharp edge after other brands have given down 
or softened. This represents the greatest 
advantage a high speed steel has over carbon 
tool-steel, for the reason that as soon as a 
certain heat is generated in cutting with a 
carbon tool, the tool loses its temper and 
refuses to cut, and must be re-tempered. 

The purposes for which Bourne-Fuller 
HIGH SPEED Steel can be used are practi- 
cally unlimited, for it can be hardened and tem- 
pered to work successfully for both HOT and 
COLD work. Its real value, however, lies 
in its ability to cut metals at high speed, and 
for this purpose we know Bourne-Fuller HIGH 
SPEED Steel has no equal. 

29 



BOURNE-FULLER AIR HARDENING 

STEEL 

This steel is recommended for HOT WORK 
exclusively. 

It is of alloy composition and will meet the 
most exacting HOT WORK requirements. 

Recommended for: 

Bull-dozing Tools 

Crowners 

Cut-offs 

Extrusion Punches and Dies 

Gripper Dies 

Heading Dies 

Hydraulic Forging Dies 

Nut Boxes 

Nut Dies 

Piercers of all kinds 

Bourne-Fuller AIR HARDENING Steel 
insures long life under high heats. It is non- 
shrinking and non-warping. Breakage in the 
hardening operation is practically eliminated. 



30 



BOURNE- FULLER VELVET STEEL 

Bourne-Fuller VELVET Steel is a semi- 
high-speed steel especially adapted to tools 
requiring a keen cutting edge. It's high 
Tungsten content, combined with its high 
carbon content, enables VELVET Steel to 
hold a very keen smooth cutting edge on all 
work not requiring a High Speed Steel, and is 
recommended for finishing cuts on aluminum, 
brass, bronze, copper and chilled rolls. 

Bourne-Fuller VELVET Steel is very dense. 
It is important that this steel be held longer at 
the hardening temperature, before quenching, 
than ordinary carbon tool steels in order to 
allow plenty of time for the heat to penetrate 
the body of the tool to insure proper condition 
for hardening. 

Care must be used in grinding VELVET 
Steel. While the grinding spark resembles 
that of High Speed Steel, if the tool in grinding 
is heated above 500 degrees F., the temper will 
be partially drawn and the life of the tool, 
therefore, decidedly shortened. 



31 



BOURNE-FULLER DUMOST 
STEEL 

Bourne-Fuller DUMOST Steel represents 
perfection in the art of steel making. The 
greatest care and only the purest of raw mate- 
rials are used in the manufacture of this super - 
refined steel. It is the best water hardening 
steel made. It costs but little more than the 
special grades of carbon tool-steel, but will do 
vastly more work. 

Bourne-Fuller DUMOST Steel contains a 
high percentage of Vanadium, to which ele- 
ment is attributed its success. 

VANADIUM prevents segregation or col- 
lection of the hardening elements in steel, 
resulting in a more uniform hardness. 

VANADIUM accelerates the hardening ac- 
tion of carbon, with the result that the steel 
will respond more readily to hardening and 
tempering. 

VANADIUM Tool-Steel will continue work- 
ing after straight carbon tool-steel has worn 
out; in other words, VANADIUM in steel 
GIVES THE TOOL LONGER LIFE. 

Bourne-Fuller DUMOST Steel has remark- 
able fatigue resisting qualities, making it a 
very desirable steel where subjected to shock 
or concussion, or continuous cutting. 

This grade of steel is made in various tem- 
pers, each suitable to the purpose intended. 

32 



BOURNE-FULLER XX SUPERIOR 
STEEL 

Bourne-Fuller XX SUPERIOR is a remark- 
able steel for HOT WORK tools. 

For making Track Bolts, Eye Bolts, Studs, 
Wrenches, Nuts, Rivets, or upsetting opera- 
tions of any kind, Bourne-Fuller XX SUPE- 
RIOR Steel can be relied upon to fill the most 
exacting requirements. 

Its heat resisting quality makes XX SUPE- 
RIOR Steel especially adaptable to hot work 
of all kinds. It possesses exceptional hard- 
ness and toughness while hot, and resists 
wonderfully the battering action necessary in 
the manufacture of Bolts, etc. 

BOURNE-FULLER ARRESTITE 
STEEL 

Bourne-Fuller ARRESTITE Steel is an 
OIL HARDENING Steel. 

A steel designed to meet present day require- 
ments, and one that will eliminate the worries 
of the Tool Maker. It is Non-warping, Non- 
shrinking, and is recommended for tools re- 
quiring accurate and true finished dimensions. 

The danger of cracking, so common with 
water hardening steels, is eliminated by the 
use of this steel, while the cutting and wearing 
qualities of water hardening or carbon tool- 
steels are maintained. 

Especially recommended for intricate shapes, 

33 



BOURNE- FULLER UNIQUE 
ALLOY STEEL 

A type of VANADIUM steel designed 
purposely for parts subjected to torsional 
strains and vibrations. 








Bourne-Fuller Unique Alloy Steel 
Bent and Twisted Cold 

The high elastic limit, coupled with extreme 
toughness, makes Bourne-Fuller UNIQUE 
ALLOY Steel most desirable for many purposes. 

Bourne-Fuller UNIQUE ALLOY Steel is 
very susceptible to heat treatment and will 
harden similarly to straight carbon tool-steel. 

34 



BOURNE-FULLER SPECIAL AUTO 
STEEL 

A moderate priced steel especially adapted 
to drive shafts, spindles, etc., or parts, other 
than tool purposes, requiring high physical 
properties. 

This steel is made in two types, Type A and 
Type D, and is very susceptible to heat 
treatment, as the following tests will indicate: 

Bourne-Fuller SPECIAL AUTO Steel, Type 
A,heated from 1550 to 1600degreesF., quenched 
in oil, then tempered at 1100 degrees F. : 

130,000 pounds — Tensile Strength 
100,000 pounds — Elastic Limit 

28% Elongation 

68% Reduction 

The same steel heated from 1550 to 1600 
degrees F., quenched in oil, then tempered at 
750 degrees F. : 

185,000 pounds — Tensile Strength 
165,000 pounds- — Elastic Limit 
12/ / 2% Elongation 

50% Reduction 

Bourne-Fuller SPECIAL AUTO Steel, Type 
D, heated from 1550 to 1600 degrees F., cooled 
in oil and tempered at 1100 degrees F: 

35 



185,000 pounds — Tensile Strength 
165,000 pounds — Elastic Limit 

15% Elongation 

45% Reduction 

The same steel heated from 1550 to 1600 
degrees F., cooled in oil, and tempered at 750 
degrees F. : 

260,000 pounds — Tensile Strength 
240,000 pounds — Elastic Limit 
6% Elongation 

17% Reduction 

When greater toughness is desired, heat 
Type D from 1550 to 1600 degrees F., cool in 
oil, re-heat to 1300 degrees F. and cool in air. 
The steel will then show approximately the 
following physical test: 

115,000 pounds — Tensile Strength 
100,000 pounds — Elastic Limit 

27% Elongation 

62% Reduction 

Practically the same reduction and elonga- 
tion as the best Norway Iron with more than 
two and one-half times the Elastic Limit and 
Tensile Strength. The above results are 
given to show the wide range of physical prop- 
erties which can be obtained by varying the 
temperature to suit the conditions required. 

36 



Bourne -Fuller Extra Special Tool- Steel 

Made of special stock with great care, and 
in all tempers. In view of its great enduring 
qualities, we recommend this steel as the most 
economical for general machine-shop tools, 
and especially for tools that are subjected to 
excessive duty, such as milling cutters, 
punches, dies, lathe and planer tools, reamers, 
taps, shear blades, etc. As the cost of making 
tools of this character is invariably greater 
than the cost of the steel itself, it is manifest 
economy in the end to use nothing but the 
best. Made in all tempers. 

Bourne-Fuller Extra Tool-Steel 

Made from fine stock and with great care. 
The moderate price of this steel and its ex- 
cellent quality combine in making it available 
for tools of a character not requiring the high- 
est grade, but where something better than 
ordinary tool-steel should be used. Made in 
all tempers. 

Bourne-Fuller Standard Tool- Steel 

For mining drills, quarry drills, axes, 
machinists' hammers, etc. A steel that is 
far superior to the ordinary common tool- 
steels. Is used exclusively by a great many 
manufacturers. Not made above C temper. 

37 



Bourne-Fuller Tool- Steel 

A steel made especially for all ordinary 
classes of work, uniform and carefully manu- 
factured. 



Bourne-Fuller Acme Steel 

A high grade of Open Hearth Steel, made 
from selected raw materials, carefully chipped 
to eliminate all possible defects, rigidly in- 
spected and cold machine straightened. 

Made in different analyses, all of which are 
absolutely guaranteed. 

We recommend Bourne-Fuller ACME Steel 
for armature shafts, shafts of all kinds, 
spindles, case-hardened gears, or other parts, 
or work where a better grade of steel than ordi- 
nary steel is required. Easy to work and 
guaranteed to cut clean. 

Carried in stock in Cleveland for immediate 
shipment. See our monthly stock list. 

Bourne-Fuller Spring Steel 

We carry in stock at Cleveland an adequate 
assortment of sizes for the convenience of our 
customers. High grade Crucible Analysis and 
a very dependable Steel. See our monthly 
stock list. 

38 



Carbon Tool Steel Tempers 

A Temper — Suitable for: 

Cutting of chilled iron. 
Lathe and planer tools. 
Oil hardened Steel. 

(Not made in grades lower than BOURNE-FULLER EXTRA) 

B Temper — Suitable for: 

Boring Tools. 
Corrugating Tools. 
Cold Cutting Dies. 
Gravers' Tools. 
Lathe and Planer Tools. 
Roll Turning Tools. 
Slotter Tools. 

(Not made in grades lower than BOURNE-FULLER EXTRA) 

C Temper — Suitable for: 

Brass working tools. 

Cutters of all kinds. 

Drills. 

Dies— cutting, trimming, form- 

ing y etc. 
Reamers. 

, Small shear blades. 
Twist Drills/ 
Taps. 

39 



Carbon Tool Steel Tempers 

D Temper — Suitable for: 

Chisels. 

Cold Heading Dies. 

Drop Forging Dies. 

Hand Drills. 

Miners' machine tools. 

Punches. 

Shqar Blades. 

E Temper — Suitable for: 

Blacksmith Tools. 

Button Sets. 

Cold Chisels. 

Coal Miners' Tools. 

Hammers. 

Hot Forging Dies. 

Machinists' Tools. 

Track Chisels. 

Stone Cutters' Tools. 

Welding to Iron or Steel. 

F Temper — Suitable for: 

Battering Tools of all kinds, 
Bolt and Rivet Headers, 
Fullers, etc. 
Flatters. 

40 



Ring Extra 

The rule for computing the price of rings is 
based on the fact that a ring is made by first 
making a solid disc and then punching out the 
center to make the hole the proper size. There- 
fore., a ring carries the same forging extras as a 
solid disc of the same outside measurements, to 
which is added a charge for the steel repre- 
sented by the hole and an additional charge of 
3 cents for the labor of making the hole. 

RULE: — Multiply the base price of steel by 
the weight of solid disc and divide by the 
weight of the ring. Add disc extra for solid 
disc (see disc classification) and 3 cents for 
making hole. The result is the selling price 
per pound of the ring. 

EXAMPLE: — Suppose you desire to find 
the price of a ring made from a steel selling at 
12 cents base, of the following dimensions: 

Outside diameter 9^ inches, inside diameter 434 inches, thick- 
ness 2 inches. 

Weight of 9J/£ in. round x 2 in. thick solid disc 40 pounds 

Weight of 434 in. round x 2 in. thick solid disc (hole).. 8 pounds 

Weight of ring . 32 pounds 

40x12 

Applying the rule 15 cents per pound 

32 
Disc extra for 40-pound disc 3 
Charge for making hole 3 

Price without annealing 21 

Annealing if specified 1 

Net price for annealed ring 22 

41 



HIGH SPEED STEEL 
STANDARD CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRAS 



ROUNDS, SQUARES AND OCTAGONS 



iy s 

SVs 
6Vs 
6Vs 



Extra per lb. 
Cents 
Base 



to 2 

to2V 2 

to 3 

to 3V 2 

to 4 

to4H 4 

to 5 

to sy 2 




5 

5 

4.5 
5.0 



to 6 5.5 

to 6V 2 6.0 

to 7 6.5 



AtoM 

A tO % 
16 CO 32 

Mto A 



Extra per lb. 
Cents 

2.0 

3.5 

6.0 

8.5 



FLATS 



Ys to 2x^/8 to 2 Base 

Hx A 40.0 






30.0 

^t..: 20.0 

14.0 

14.0 

8.0 

5.0 

3.0 

5.0 

....... 3.5 

3.0 

3.0 



Ax y 

Mx A 
V 4 x 5 A 

ftx Vs 

Ax M 

AxiK 



^x 



to 2. . 
to 3. . 

to y 2 

to 1. . 
to 4. . 

to y 8 

to 1.. 

to4H 
to %. 



16 x . 

AxiV 



3.0 

2.5 
3.0 



7 A to \y 2 

Y 8 x\y 8 to 5 

Ax y. to i 

TVxl^to5^ 2.5 

y 2 x y 8 toi... 2.5 

yxiy to 6 2.0 

y 8 to 1 2.5 

to 6 2.0 

% to2xiy 8 to 4 2.0 

5 A to2x4K to 7 4.0 

2y 8 to3xiy 8 to 4 2.0 

iy 8 to 3x4V£ to 7 4.0 



Intermediate sizes take next higher extra. 
All dimensions inclusive. 
Annealing 2 cents per lb. extra. 

Bevels, same classification as flats, plus 10 cents per lb. for 
shape. 

42 



HIGH SPEED STEEL CLASSIFICATION OF 
FORGED DISCS 

Extra per lb. 
Cents 

Weighing above 25 lbs 6.0 

15 to 25 " 10.0 

10 to 15 " 12.0 

iy 2 to 10 " i4.o 

5 to iy 2 " 16.0 

3 to 5 " 18.0 

2 to 3 " 22.0 

1 to 2 " ... 24.0 

Annealing 2 cents per lb. extra. 
Under 1 lb. special price. 

HIGH SPEED STEEL CLASSIFICATION OF 



FORGED DIE BLOCKS 



Weighing above 25 lbs 
15 to 25 
10 to 15 

iy 2 to 10 
5 to iy 2 

3 to 5 
2 to 3 
1 to 2 



Extra per lb. 
Cents 

4.0 

6.0 

10.0 

.......14.0 

16.0 

.......18.0 

22.0 

.24.0 



Annealing 2 cents per lb. extra. 
Under 1 lb. special price. 



CUTTING TO SPECIFIED SINGLE AND 
MULTIPLE LENGTHS 

24 in. and over 1 cent per lb. extra 

18 in. to 23if in 2 cents 

12 in. to 17ff 3 cents 

6 in. to lift in 4 cents 



Less than 6 in. special price. 



43 



% to 2. 
2V 8 to3. 
W% to 4. 



CARBON TOOL-STEEL 
CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRAS 

ROUND, SQUARE AND OCTAGON 



1 

1 

4y 8 to 5 2 

5J/g to 6 2 

63^ to 7 3 

lYz to 8 3 



Cents. Extra 
per lb. 

Base 



5 

5 

5 



_9_ 
16 

7 
T6 

5 
T6 

A 

5 
32 

1% 



to ^ 

3^ 



Cents. Extra 
per lb. 

0.5 

to y 8 1.0 

and H 2.0 

and -fa 3.0 

special only 5.0 

special only 10.0 

special only 



FLAT 

Y% to 2 thick x A to 2 wide Base 

Cents. Extra 

per lb. 

1.5 



*4x A 



Cents. Extra 
per lb. 

20.0 

Kx H 15.0 

%* A 8.0 

y%*v% 4.0 

MsAto y 2 3.0 

KxAto7 2.0 

V8x7y s to 8 3.0 

Ax % 5.0 

Ax A 4.0 

Ax y 8 3.o 

Ax A to y s 2.0 

Ax ii to 2 1.5 

Ax2H to 7 1.0 

Ax7^ to 8 2.0 

X* A to y 8 2.o 

Mx A to % 1.5 

Mx Hto2 1.5 

Mx2^ to 7 1.0 

H^H to 8 2.0 



A 
A 

Vs 
A 

9 

Tff 
9 
16 

% 

5. 



% to %...'. 

tt to 8 1.0 



16 

9 
16 



2> 

2 
2 



to 8 
to 8 
to 8 
| to 8 

x % 
x2V* 



to 2. 
to 7. 



n/ 8 

2y* 
zy* 

4M 
6H 



i to 1 J4x73^ to 8 



Base 
1.0 
1.0 



x7J/£ to 8 1.5 



xiy 8 to 5 

x5^ to 8 
x3 l A to 6 



1.0 
1.5 
1.5 



to 5 
to 6 
to 7 
to 8 



x6y s to 8 2.0 

x4^ to 7 2.0 

xiy$ to 8 2.5 



x5^8 
xG% 

xiy* 



to 8 
to 7 
to 8. 



EXTRAS FOR CUTTING CARBON TOOL-STEEL 

24 in. and over 0.5 cent per lb. 

Under 24 in. to 18 in 1.0 cent per lb. 

Under 18 in. to 12 in 1.5 cents per lb. 

Under 12 in. to 6 in . 2.0 cents per lb. 

Less than 6 in. according to contract. 

- Annealing, 1 cent per lb. 



44 



Weighing over 25 lbs. 

15 lbs. 

10 lbs. 

7| lbs. 

5 lbs. 

3 lbs. 

2 lbs. 

1 lb. 



CARBON TOOL-STEEL 
DISC CLASSIFICATION 

Base Price 

Extra per lb., Cents 

3.0 

to 25 lbs. inc 5.0 



to 15 lbs. 
to 10 lbs. 
to 1\ lbs. 



inc 
inc 
inc 
inc 
inc 
inc 



6.0 

7.0 
8.0 







to 5 lbs. 

to 3 lbs. 

to 2 lbs. 

One pound or under Flat price 25 cents 

Note. — 25 cents each is minimum price for any forging regard 
less of quality of steel when the weight is less than one pound. 



9 
11 
12 
each 



Weighing over 25 
15 
10 



DIE BLOCK CLASSIFICATION 

Base Price 
Extra per lb., Cents 

lbs. 2.0 

lbs. to 25 lbs. inc 3.0 

lbs. to 1 5 lbs. inc 5.0 

to 10 lbs. inc 7.0 



1\ lbs. to iu ids. inc 

5 lbs. to 7 J lbs. inc 8.0 

3 lbs. to 5 lbs. inc 9.0 

2 lbs. to 3 lbs. inc 11.0 

1 lb. to 2 lbs. inc 12.0 

One pound or under Flat price. .Special 

CRUCIBLE HAMMER AND CRUCIBLE 
MACHINERY STEEL 



ROUND AND SQUARE 






to 
to 
to 
to 
to 
to 



y% to 
A to 

V± to 



11 

16 

11 

32 

A 



inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 
inch 



Extra per lb. 
Cents 

Base 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 



1.0 
1.5 



Octagons 0.5 cents extra throughout the list. 
Flats one-half the extras of the Flat Tool-Steel Classification. 
Cutting to multiples or specified lengths, 24 inches or over 
2 cents per lb.; under 24 inches, according to contract. 
Intermediate sizes take the next higher price. 



45 



CRUCIBLE AND OPEN HEARTH 
SPRING STEEL 

Classification of Extras 

FLAT 

1 34 to 4 inches x No. 4 ga. to Y% inch, inc Base 

Extra per lb., Cents 
1 and 1 3^8 inches x No. 1 ga. to 4 gauge 0.2 

1 to 3 inches x No. 5 ga. to 7 gauge . . . 0.5 

54 and ft inch x No. 1 ga. to 7 gauge 0.5 

% to fi i ncn x No. 1 ga. to 7 gauge 1.0 

% to 3 inches x No. 8 ga. to 10 gauge . 1.0 

% to 3 inches x No. 11 ga. to 16 gauge 1.5 

^ to 3 inches x No. 17 ga. to 19 gauge 2.2 

% to Y% inch x No. 10 ga. to 16 gauge 4.0 

^ to ^ inch x No. 17 ga. to 19 gauge 5.0 

Thinner than No. 19 gauge, refer to sheet list. 

ROUND AND SQUARE 

% to \}/2 inches, inclusive Base 

Extra per lb., Cents 

3^- and }/2 inch 0.2 

Ye and % inch 0.5 

A inch 1.0 

j4 inch 1.5 

i^ inch 3.0 

All dimensions inclusive. 

Cutting to lengths 24 inches and over, 0.2 cents per lb. Under 
24 inches, special price. 

Intermediate sizes to take the. next higher price. 



46 



APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF ROUND AND 
SQUARE HIGH SPEED STEEL 

Pounds per Lineal Foot 



Size 

in 

Inches 


Round 


Square 


Size 

in 

Inches 


Round 


Square 


Vs 


.049 
.197 


.062 
.2504 


3Vs 
3M 


30.51 
32.99 


38.84 
42.02 


Vs 

y 2 


.442 

.785 


.5627 
1.000 


3^ 


35.59 

38.27 


45.30 
48.72 




1.227 
1.768 


1.563 

2.251 


1% 
3M 


41.07 
43.94 


52.27 
55.95 


Vs 
1 


2.405 
3.143 


3.063 
4.002 


4 


46.91 
50.00 


59.73 
63.65 


IVs 
1M 


3.953 
4.881 


5.034 
6.215 


4^ 


53.16 
56.44 


67.68 
71.84 


IK 


5.872 
7.030 


7.521 
8.949 


4M 


59.79 
63.26 


76.14 

80.55 




8.251 
9.568 


10.503 
12.179 


4^ 
4% 


66.82 
70.49 


85.10 
89.75 


2 


10.984 
12.497 


13.982 
15.912 


4% 

5 


74.24 
78.11 


94.55 
99.46 


2V 8 
2K 


14.110 

15.82 


17.96 
20.145 


SVs 
SA 


82.06 
86.10 


104.48 
109.65 




17.63 
19.53 


22.44 
24.863 


SVs 

sy 2 


90.26 
94.50 


114.93 
120.3 


2% 


21.527 
23.635 


27.41 
29.25 


5% 
5% 


98.85 
103.30 


125.9 
131.53 


3 


25.828 
28.11 


32.875 
35.80 


SVs 
6 


107.85 
112.32 


137.37 
143.13 



This table of weights applies only to High Speed Steel. 

47 







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^< ON 


OnO 

LO T* 

** ON 


CO CN 

**ON 


**X 


XO 
CO X 


lO "* 

COX 


CN H 

COX 


O X 

CON 






CN Tf< 


N On 


CN t* 

i-H y-4 


N ON 

i-H i-H 


CN "* 
CN CN 


N On 
CN CN 


CN "* 
coco 


N On 

coco 




CO N 
O CN 

CON 


Ort< 
On tO 

Or^ 


CN X 

Xi-( 


T*^ 

lO ON 


N CO 
CNO 


OO 
Oco 


CN ON 
NO 


lO H 

**x 


CO 


"* 


CN r* 


N ON 


WT* 
i-^ 1-H 


ox 

i-H iH 


^CO 
CN CN 


ox 

CN CN 


Oco 
coco 


ION 

coco 


^ 


XN 
CO N 

CN)T* 


tO CO 

T-llO 

N ON 


On CO 

^T* 


N i-H 

O ON 


tO X 

^HCO 


CNO 

ox 


o«* 

HCO 


Xh 

iox 




Tf 


CN "<* 


OX 


~HCO 
i— t i-H 


ION 


O CN 
CN CN 


rfO 

CN CN 


ONH 

CNCO 


COIO 

coco 


^ 


N lO 

i-HCO 

^H CN 


CO *H 
ION 
CO""* 


On*h 
ION 


CN ** 

XON 


OX 

Oh 


ONH 
CN "* 


COIO 

too 


N X 
N X 


1 


"* 


CNTt< 


OX 


O CN 

i-H i-H 


T*0 


ON i-H 

tH CN 


COIO 

CN CN 


N ON 
CN CN 


HCO 

coco 


-* 


XX 
On t^ 
On On 


t^ o 
o to 

On On 


to 

** co 

ON ON 


CN y* 
ON On 


OON 
ONX 


XN 

XX 


OtO 

XX 


** CN 

XX 


H 

Q 




■^co 


ION 


Onth 


CO tO 


N On 

i-H i-H 


hco 
CN CN 


ION 

CN CN 


ONH 
CN CO 




to o 

O co 
XN 


Tt< ON 

On tO 

to ■** 


** 

CN ON 

CO^H 


LO CN 

OON 


XtO 

N O 


HX 

to co 


T*H 

CN H 


N** 

ONX 


CO 


t-ico 


ION 


ON»H 
i-H 


CO"* 


ox 

i-H i-H 


O CN 
CN CN 


"*0 

CN CN 


N On 
CN CN 


^ 


iH CN 
"*X 
N rf 


CNCO 
CN O 
CNON 


** 

o** 

N ** 


On co 

^ON 


Ni-I 
Ot* 


LO ON 

HX 


CON 
Oco 


HIO 

H X 




CO 


^HfO 


too 


xo 


CN CO 


lO N 

i-H i-H 


OnO 

H CN 


CN** 
CN CN 


On 
cn es 


^ 


OnX 

y* CO 
O CN 


X N 
ION 

Xt* 


o to 

ONTH 
ON 


covo 

COON 


N On 

lO i-H 


HCO 

X"* 


ION 

OO 


ONH 

CN On 




CO 


^co 


T*0 


XON 


t-h CN 


<*o 


N On 


HCN 
CN CN 


**«o 

CN CN 


CO 


CN T*< 

ONX 
^ON 


ox 

N O 

^*On 


O CN 
OtO 

T*ON 


<*"* 
"*On 


CO CN 
"*ON 


hO 

"*ON 


OON 

**x 


XN 
COX 






tH CN 


r*tO 


N X 


O^ 

tH i-H 


CO"* 


ON 

i-H i-H 


OnO 

H CN 


CN CO 
CN CN 




ONX 

Oco 

CON 


N O 
ON 

tHt* 


tOCO 

**^H 

XCN 


CN 
XtO 

tO ON 


HON 

COO 


Oco 
O"* 


OO 
Xh 


co O 
to On 




CN 


iH CN 


T*lO 


ox 


OnO 


CN CO 

i-H i-H 


to o 


N On 

i-H 1-H 


Oh 

CN CN 


^ 


COO 

Tt<X 

CNrf 


ON CO 

CN N 

N ON 


OON 
^H lO 

CN t* 


CN O 
©"* 
N On 


ON 

XCO 

tHT* 


X CN 

OON 


OO 

HT* 


lO ON 

OX 




CN 


tH CN 


CO** 


ON 


XOn 


»H CN 


CO ** 


ON 


XON 


» 


OnX 
^hco 
^h CN 


XN 
ION 

CO"* 


OtO 

ON-^H 

ION 


**"* 
CO tO 

XOn 


N On 

Oh 


HCO 
CO** 


lO N 

too 


ONH 

N On 




CN 


-H CN 


CO** 


•oo 


N X 


Oh 


CNCO 


**to 


\ON 


CO 






















^^ 


^ 


\Q0\tH 


^J 


^H 


» 


\00\rl 


H^ 



48 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 

or Diameter 

in Inches 



3 
16 

M 
A 



A 
H 

_9_ 
16 

% 

11 
16 

16 

% 

14 
16 



1A 
i* 

1A 

i» 

IK 



Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


.010 


.013 


.011 


.042 


.053 


.044 


.094 


.119 


.099 


.167 


.212 


.176 


.261 


.333 


.276 


.375 


.478 


.397 


.511 


.651 


.540 


.667 


.850 


.706 


.845 


1.076 


.893 


1.043 


1.328 


1.102 


1.262 


1.608 


1.335 


1.502 


1.913 


1.588 


1.763 


2.245 


1.863 


2.044 


2.603 


2.161 


2.347 


2.989 


2.481 


2.670 


3.400 


2.822 


3.014 


3.838 


3.186 


3.379 


4.303 


3.572 


3.766 


4.795 


3.980 


4.173 


5.312 


4.409 


4.600 


5.857 


4.861 


5.049 


6.428 


5.335 


5.518 


7.026 


5.832 


6.008 


7.650 


6.350 


6.520 


8.301 


6.890 


7.051 


8.978 


7.452 


7.604 


9.682 


8.036 


8.178 


10.41 


8.640 


8.773 


11.17 


9.271 


9.388 


11.95 


9.919 


10.02 


12.76 


10.59 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel, 
will run about 2 per cent lighter. 



Iron 



49 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


or Diameter 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


in Inches 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. lorig 


1 ft. long 


2 


10.68 


13.60 


11.29 


2ft 


11.36 


14.46 


12.00 


2H 


12.06 


15.35 


12.74 


2ft 


12.78 


16.27 


13.50 


2M 


13.52 


17.22 


14.29 


0_5_ 
z 16 


14.28 


18.19 


15.10 


2^ 


15.07 


19.18 


15.92 


2ft 


15.86 


20.20 


16.77 


2>i 


16.69 


21.25 


17.64 


2ft 


17.53 


22.33 


18.53 


m 


18.40 


23.43 


19.45 


2H 


19.29 


24.56 


20.38 


2M 


20.20 


25.00 


20.75 


2« 


21.12 


26.90 


22.33 


1% 


22.07 


28.10 


23.32 


z 16 


23.04 


29.34 


24.35 


3 


24.03 


30.60 


25.40 


3ft 


25.04 


31.89 


26.47 


w% 


26.08 


33.20 


27.56 


3ft 


27.13 • 


34.55 


28.68 


3M 


28.20 


35.92 


29.81 


3ft 


29.30 


37.31 


30.97 


3% 


30.42 


38.73 


32.15 


3i6 


31.56 


40.18 


33.35 


3M 


32.71 


41.65 


34.57 


T_9_ 
° 16 


33.90 


43.14 


35.81 


3H 


35.09 


44.68 


37.08 


3« 


36.31 


46.24 


38.38 


3^ 


37.56 


47.82 


39.69 


T 13 
" J 16 


38.81 


49.42. 


41.02 


3K 


40.10 


51.05 


42.37 


^i5 
° 16 


41.40 


52.71 


43.75 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel. Iron 
will^run about 2 per cent lighter. 



50 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 


Weight of 


W 7 eight of 


Weight of 


or Diameter 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


in Inches 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


4 


42.73 


54.40 


45.15 


4A 


44.07 


56.11 


46.57 


4Vs 


45.44 


57.85 


48.02 


4A 


46.83 


59.62 


49.48 


4M 


48.24 


61.41 


50.97 


4tV 


49.66 


63.23 


52.48 


4Vs 


51.11 


65.08 


54.02 


4A 


52.58 


66.95 


55.57 


4H 


54.07 


68.85 


57.15 


4 A 


55.59 


70.78 


58.75 


4^ 


57.12 


72.73 


60.37 


411 


58.67 


74.70 


62.00 


434 


60.25 


76.71 


63.67 


4.13 


61.84 


78.74 


65.35 


m 


63.46 


80.81 


67.07 


4ii 


65.10 


82.89 


68.80 


5 


66.76 


85.00 


70.55 


5A 


68.44 


87.14 


72.33 


53^ 


70.14 


89.30 


74.12 


5A 


71.86 


91.49 


75.94 


5M 


73.60 


93.72 


77.79 


5A 


75.37 


95.96 


79.65 


5% 


77.15 


98.23 


81.53 


5A 


78.95 


100.5 


83.42 


5^ 


80.77 


102.8 


85.32 


5A 


86.62 


105.2 


87.31 


5^ 


84.49 


107.6 


89.31 


5+i 


86.38 


110.0 


91.30 


5^ 


88.29 


112.4 


93.29 


5tI 


90.22 


114.9 


95.37 


5^ 


92.17 


117.4 


97.44 


5M 


94.14 


119.9 


99.52 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel. Iron 
will run about 2 per cent lighter. 



51 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


or Diameter 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


in Inches 


1 it. long 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


6 


96.14 


122.4 


101.6 


6A 


98.14 


125.0 


103.8 


6Vs 


100.2 


127.6 


105.9 


6A 


102.2 


130.2 


108.1 


6% 


104.3 


132.8 


110.2 


6A 


106.4 


135.5 


112.47 


(> S A 


108.5 


138.2 


114.7 


6A 


110.7 


140.9 


116.9 


6H 


112.8 


143.6 


119.2 


6* 


114.9 


146.5 


121.6 


6Vs 


117.2 


149.2 


123.8 


6tt 


119.4 


152.1 


126.2 


6% 


121.7 


154.9 


128.6 


6H 


123.9 


157.8 


131.0 


6K 


126.2 


160.8 


133.5 


°16 


128.5 


163.6 


135.8 


7 


130.9 


166.6 


138.3 


7A 


133.2 


169.6 


140.8 


73^ 


135.6 


172.6 


143.3 


7A 


137.9 


175.6 


145.7 


7M 


140.4 


178.7 


148.3 


7A 


142.8 


181.8 


150.8 


7% 


145.3 


184.9 


153.5 


7A 


147.4 


188.1 


156.1 


iy* 


150.2 


191.3 


158.8 


7A 


152.7 


194.4 


161.4 


7^ 


155.2 


197.7 


164.2 


7H 


157.8 


200.9 


166.7 


7^ 


160.3 


204.2 


169.5 


7H 


163.0 


207.6 


172.3 


7% 


165.6 


210.8 


175.0 


7tt 


168.2 


214.2 


177.6 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel, 
will run about 2 per cent lighter. 



Iron 



52 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


or Diameter 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


in Inches 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


8 


171.0 


217.6 


180.6 


8A 


173.6 


221.0 


183.4 


83^ 


176.3 


224.5 


186.3 


8* 


179.0 


228.0 


189.2 


8 ¥ 


181.8 


231.4 


192.1 


8t¥ 


184.5 


234.9 


195.0 


SVs 


187.3 


238.5 


198.0 


8x6 


190.1 


242.0 


200.9 


m 


193.0 


245.6 


203.8 


8A 


195.7 


249.3 


206.9 


m 


198.7 


252.9 


209.9 


8tt 


201.6 


256.6 


213.0 


m 


204.4 


260.3 


216.0 


m 


207.4 


264.1 


219.2 


8K 


210.3 


267.9 


222.4 


15 
°T6 


213.3 


271.6 


225.4 


9 


216.3 


275.4 


228.6 


9A 


219.3 


279.3 


231.8 


9H 


222.4 


283.2 


235.0 


9A 


225.4 


287.0 


238.2 


9M 


228.5 


290.9 


241.4 


9A 


231.5 


294.9 


244.8 


9^ 


234.7 


298.9 


248.1 


9A 


237.9 


302.8 


251.3 


9K 


241.0 


306.8 


254.6 


9A 


244.2 


310.9 


258.0 


9^ 


247.4 


315.0 


261.5 


9H 


250.6 


319.1 


264.9 


9K 


253.9 


323.2 


268.3 


9*4 


257.1 


327.4 


271.7 


9% 


260.4 


331.6 


275.2 


9« 


263.7 


335.8 


278.7 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel, 
will run about 2 per cent lighter. 



Iron 



53 



WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL BARS 



Thickness 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


or Diameter 


Round Bar 


Square Bar 


Octagon Bar 


in Inches 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


1 ft. long 


10 


267.0 


340.0 


282.2 


10* 


270.4 


344.3 


285.8 


10% 


273.8 


348.5 


289.3 


10 A 


277.1 


352.9 


292.9 


io% 


280.6 


- 357.2 


296.5 


10* 


284.0 


361.6 


300.1 


10% 


287/4 


366.0 


303.8 


io* 


290.9 


370.4 


307.4 


10% 


294.4 


374.9 


311.3 


io* 


297.9 


379.4 


314.9 


10% 


301.4 


383.8 


318.6 


10tt 


305.0 


388.3 


322.3 


10% 


308.6 


392.9 


326.1 


ioh 


312.2 


397.5 


329 . 9 


10% 


315.8 


402.1 


333.7 


lu 16 


319.5 


406.8 


337.6 


11 


323.1 


411.4 


341.5 


11 A 


326.8 


416.1 


345.4 


n% 


330.5 


420.9 


349.3 


ii* 


334.3 


425.5 


353.2 


n% 


337.9 


430.3 


357.1 


n* 


341.7 


435.1 


361.1 


n% 


345.5 


439.9 


365.1 


n* 


349.4 


444.8 


369.2 


n% 


353.1 


449.6 


373.2 


ii* 


357.0 


454.5 


377.2 


n% 


360.9 


459.5 


381.4 


HH 


364.8 


464.4 


385.5 


n% 


368.6 


469.4 


389.6 


n« 


372.6 


474.4 


393.8 


n% 


376.6 


479.5 


398.0 


HH 


380.6 


484.5 


402.1 



These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel. 
wi-11 run about 2 per cent lighter. 



Iron 



54 



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MCQ^^ PC 
t— t— 00 On C 
CN CN CN CN co 



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CO co "* lo NO t— 00 On © rHtNfO^ 



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On 00 t— 
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1.38 
2.07 


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CN On NO co 

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i-i O O 00 
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19.34 
20.03 
20.72 
21.41 
22.10 


CO 


.638 
1.28 
1.91 


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lo On CO NO 

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56 



STANDARD LIST PRICE ON ROUND DRILL RODS 

Made of the finest Crucible Steel, suitable for Twist Drills, 
Taps, Punches, Dental Tools, Reamers, Watch Parts, Electrical 
Work, etc. 

Net prices quoted on application. 



Size 


Decimals 


Price 


Size 


Decimals 


Price 


1M 


1.500 


SO. 50 


15-32 


0.4687 


$0.60 


1 15 
1 3~2 


1.4687 


.50 


29-64 


0.4531 


.60 


1* 


1.4375 


.50 


7-16 


0.4375 


.60 


1 13. 
1 32 


1.4062 


.50 


27-64 


0.4218 


.75 


IVh 


1.375 


.50 


Z 


0.413 


.75 


1 11 

1 3T 


1 . 3437 


.50 


13-32 


0.4062 


.75 


1 -8- 

1 16 


1.3125 


.50 


Y 


0.404 


.75 


1 -£- 

1 32 


1.2812 


.50 


X 


0.397 


.75 


IX 


1.250 


.50 


25-64 


0.3906 


.75 


1 32 


1.2187 


.50 


W 


0.386 


.75 


1 16 


1.1875 


.50 


V 


0.377 


.75 


1-5- 

1 32 


1.1562 


.50 


3-8 


0.375 


.75 


IK 


1.125 


.50 


U 


0.368 


.75 


1 -a- 

1 32 


1.0937 


.50 


23-64 


0.3593 


.75 


I* 


1.0625 


.50 


T 


0.358 


.75 


1 -A- 

1 32 


1.0312 


.50 


S 


0.348 


.75 


1 


1.000 


.50 


11-32 


0.3437 


.75 


31-32 


0.9687 


.50 


R 


0.339 


.75 


15-16 


0.9375 


.50 


Q 


0.332 


.75 


29-32 


0.9062 


.50 


21-64 


0.3281 


.75 


7-8 


0.875 


.50 


P 


0.323 


.75 


27-32 


0.8437 


.50 


O 


0.316 


.75 


13-16 


0.8125 


.50 


5-16 


0.3125 


.75 


25-32 


0.7812 


.50 


N 


0.302 


.75 


3-4 


0.750 


.55 


19-64 


0.2968 


.75 


23-32 


0.7187 


.55 


M 


0.295 


.75 


11-16 


0.6877 


.55 


L 


0.290 


.75 


21-32 


0.6562 


.55 


9-32 


0.2812 


.75 


5-8 


0.625 


.55 


K 


0.281 


.75 


19-32 


0.5937 


.55 


J 


0.277 


.75 


9-16 


0.5625 


.55 


I 


0.272 


.75 


17-32 


0.5312 


.55 


H 


0.266 


.75 


1-2 


0.500 


.60 


17-64 


0.2656 


.75 


31-64 


0.4843 


.60 


G 


0.261 


.75 



57 



STANDARD LIST PRICE ON ROUND DRILL RODS 



Size 


Decimals 


Price 


Size 


Decimals 


Price 


F 


0.257 


$0.75 


29 


0.134 


$0.83 


E 


0.250 


.75 


30 


0.127 


.83 


1-4 


0.250 


.75 


1-8 


0.125 


.83 


D 


0.246 


.75 


31 


0.120 


.90 


C 


0.242 


.75 


32 


0.115 


.90 


B 


0.238 


.75 


33 


0.112 


.90 


15-64 


0.2343 


.75 


34 


0.110 


.90 


A 


0.234 


.75 


7-64 


0.1093 


•90 


1 


0.227 


.75 


35 


0.108 


•90 


2 


0.219 


.75 


36 


0.106 


.90 


7-32 


0.2187 


.75 


37 


0.103 


.90 


3 


0.212 


.75 


38 


0.101 


.90 


4 


0.207 


.75 


39 


0.099 


1.05 


5 


0.204 


.75 


40 


0.097 


1.05 


13-64 


0.2031 


.75 


41 


0.095 


1.05 


6 


0.201 


.75 


3-32 


0.0937 


1.05 


7 


0.199 


.75 


42 


0.092 


1.05 


8 


0.197 


.75 


43 


0.088 


1.05 


9 


0.194 


.75 


44 


0.085 


1.05 


10 


0.191 


.75 


45 


0.081 


1.05 


11 


0.188 


.75 


46 


0.079 


1.05 


3-16 


0.1875 


.75 


5-64 


0.0781 


1.20 


12 


0.185 


.75 


47 


0.077 


1.20 


13 


0.182 


.75 


48 


0.075 


1.20 


14 


0.180 


.75 


49 


0.072 


1.20 


15 


0.178 


.75 


50 


0.069 


1.20 


16 


0.175 


.83 


51 


0.066 


1.45 


17 


0.172 


.83 


52 


0.063 


1.45 


11-64 


0.1718 


.83 


1-16 


0.0625 


1.45 


18 


0.168 


.83 


53 


0.058 


1.45 


19 


0.164 


.83 


54 


0.055 


1.45 


20 


0.161 


.83 


55 


0.050 


1.80 


21 


0.157 


.83 


3-64 


0.0468 


1.80 


5-32 


0.1562 


.83 


56 


0.045 


1.80 


22 


0.155 


.83 


57 


0.042 


1.80 


23 


0.153 


.83 


58 


0.041 


2.10 


24 


0.151 


.83 


59 


0.040 


2.10 


25 


0.148 


.83 


60 


0.039 


2.10 


26 


0.146 


.83 


61 


0.038 


2.40 


27 


0.143 


.83 


62 


0.037 


2.40 


9-64 


0.1406 


.83 


63 


0.036 


2.70 


28 


0.139 


.83 


64 


0.035 


2.70 



58 



STANDARD LIST PRICE ON ROUND DRILL RODS 



Size 


Decimals 


Price 


Size 


Decimals 


Price 


65 


0.033 


$2.70 


73 


0.023 


$3.60 


66 


0.032 


3.00 


74 


0.022 


3.90 


1-32 


0.0312 


3.00 


75 


0.020 


4.05 


67 


0.031 


3.00 


76 


0.018 


4.20 


68 


0.030 


3.00 


77 


0.016 


4.50 


69 


0.029 


3.30 


1-64 


0.0156 


4.50 


70 


0.027 


3.30 


78 


0.015 


4.80 


71 


0.026 


3.60 


79 


0.014 


5.10 


72 


0.024 


3.60 


80 


0.013 


5.40 



The above sizes carried in stock at factory in 1 and 3 ft. lengths. 



STANDARD LIST PRICE ON SQUARE DRILL RODS 



Sizes in 


Decimals 


of an Inch 





500 





4687 





4375 





4062 





375 





344 





312: 





281 



Sizes in 
Fractions 
of an Inch 



Y2 
15. 
3 2 
7 

16 
13 
32 

Vs 

II 
32 

5 
16 

9 
32 



Price 
per Lb. 



$1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 



Sizes in 


Sizes in 


Decimals 


Fractions 


of an Inch 


of an Inch 


0.250 


H 


0.219 


1 
32 


0.1875 


3 
16 


0.156 


5 

32 


0.125 


y% 


0.094 


3 

"3 2 


0.062 


1 
16 



Price 

per Lb. 



$1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 



59 



APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF 1 FOOT POLISHED 
DRILL ROD 



Size 


Pounds 


Size 


Pounds 


Size 


Pounds 


m 


6. 


C 


.154 


40 


.025 


w% 


5.073 


B 


.150 


41 


.024 


IJi 


4.167 


A 


.147 


42 


.023 


W% 


3.333 


1 


.138 


43 


.021 


1ft 


3.010 


2 


.129 


44 


.019 


1 


2.666 


3 


.121 


45 


.018 


15-16 


2.333 


4 


.115 


46 


.017 


v% 


2.042 


5 


.109 


47 


.016 


13-16 


1.750 


6 


.107 


48 


.015 


M 


1.500 


7 


.106 


49 


.014 


11-16 


1.250 


8 


.104 


50 


.013 


5 A 


1.042 


9 


.099 


51 


.012 


9-16 


.833 


10 


.096 


52 


.011 


M 


.667 


11 


.094 


53 


.009 


ft 


.500 


12 


.092 


54 


.008 


Z 


.458 


13 


.089 


55 


.007 


13-32 


.437 


14 


.087 


56 


.006 


Y 


.427 


15 


.085 


57 


.005 


X 


.421 


16 


.082 


58 


.0045 


w 


.400 


17 


.079 


59 


.0043 


V 


.383 


18 


.076 


60 


.004 


H 


.375 


19 


.072 


61 


.0038 


u 


.362 


20 


.069 


62 


.0037 


T 


,342 


21 


.066 


63 


.0035 


s 


.325 


22 


.065 


64 


.0033 


11-32 


.313 


23 


.063 


65 


.0029 


R 


.308 


24 


.061 


66 


.0027 


Q 


.294 


25 


.059 


67 


.0025 


P 


.277 


26 


.057 


68 


.0024 





.271 


27 


.055 


69 


.0023 


ft 


.260 


28 


.052 


70 


.0020 


N 


.242 


29 


.048 


71 


.0018 


M 


.233 


30 


.043 


72 


.0015 


L 


.225 


31 


.039 


73 


.0014 


K 


.212 


32 


.036 


74 


.0013 


J 


.205 


33 


.034 


75 


.0011 


I 


.198 


34 


.032 


76 


.0009 


H 


.188 


35 


.031 


77 


.QO07 


G 


.181 


36 


.030 


78 


.0006 


F 


.174 


37 


.029 


79 


.0005 


E 


.167 


38 


.028 


80 


.0004 


D 


.161 


39 


.026 







60 



FRACTIONS OF AN INCH IN EQUIVALENT 
DECIMALS 



For use in connection w 



ith Micrometer Calipers 



Fractions 
of an Inch 



i . 

64 

3 

64 

A 
A 

9 

64 
6 

32 
11 
64 

A 
« 

64 

H 

17 
64 

A 

19 



A 

21 



4* 

2 7. 

64 

7 

T6 

H 
« 

31 
64 

V2 



Decimals 
of an Inch 

.015625 
.03125 
.046875 
.0625 

.078125 

.09375 

.109375 

.125 

. 140625 

.15625 

.171875 

.1875 

.203125 

.21875 

.234375 

.25 

.265625 

.28125 

.296875 

.3125 

.328125 

.34375 

.359375 

.375 

.390625 

.40625 

.421875 

.4375 

.453125 

.46875 

.484375 

.5 



Fractions 
of an Inch 



Decimals 
of an Inch 

.515625 

.53125 

.546875 

.5625 

.578125 

.59375 

.609375 

.625 

. 640625 

.65625 

.671875 

.6875 

.703125 

.71875 

.734375 

.75 

.765625 

.78125 

.796875 

.8125 

.828125 

.84375 

.859375 

.875 

.890625 

.90625 

.921875 

.9375 

.953125 

.96875 

.984375 



61 



SHEET METAL GAUGES COMPARED 





Stubs or 




American 






Birmingham 


*u. s. 


or 


Nearest 


Gauge 


Wire 


Legal 


Brown & 


Millimetre 


No. 


Gauge 


Standard 


Sharpe's 


Dimen- 
sions 




Inches 


Inches 


Inches 




7-0 




. 50000 
.46875 
.43750 
. 40625 






6-0 








5-0 








4-0 


'454" 


.46000 


11*683" 


3-0 


.425 


.37500 


.40964 


10.405 


2-0 


.380 


.34375 


.36480 


9.266 





.340 


.31250 


.32486 


8.251 


1 


.300 


.28125 


.28930 


7.348 


2 


.284 


.265625 


.25763 


6.544 


3 


.259 


.25000 


. 22942 


5.827 


4 


.238 


.234375 


.20431 


5.189 


5 


.220 


.21875 


.18194 


4.621 


6 


.203 


.203125 


.16202 


4.115 


7 


.180 


.18750 


. 14428 


3.665 


8 


.165 


.171875 


.12849 


3.264 


9 


.148 


.15625 


.11424 


2.906 


10 


.134 


. 140625 


.10190 


2.588 


11 


.120 


.12500 


.09074 


2.305 


12 


.109 


.109375 


.08081 


2.053 


13 


.095 


.09375 


.07196 


1.828 


14 


.083 


.078125 


. 06408 


1.628 


15 


.072 


.0703125 


.05707 


1.449 


16 


.065 


.06250 


.05082 


1.290 


17 


.058 


.05625 


.04526 


1.150 



We are now prepared to furnish crucible Sheet Steel in al 
grades. 



62 



SHEET METAL GAUGES COMPARED 





Stubs or 




American 






Birmingham 


*u. s. 


or 


Nearest 


Gauge 


Wire 


Legal 


Brown & 


Millimetre 


No. 


Gauge 


Standard 


Sharpe's 


Dimen- 
sions 




Inches 


Inches 


Inches 




18 


.049 


.05000 


. 04030 


1.024 


19 


.042 


.04375 


.03589 


.9116 


20 


.035 


.03750 


.03196 


.8118 


21 


.032 


.034375 


.02846 


.7229 


22 


.028 


.03125 


.02535 


.6439 


23 


.025 


.028125 


.02257 


. .3733 


24 


.022 


.02500 


.02010 


.3105 


25 


.020 


.021875 


.01790 


.4547 


26 


.018 


.01875 


.01594 


.4049 


27 


.016 


.0171875 


.01419 


.3604 


28 


.014 


.015625 


.01264 


.32106 


29 


.013 


.0140625 


.01126 


.2860 


30 


.012 


.01250 


.01002 


.2545 


31 


.010 


.0109375 


.00893 


.2268 


32 


.009 


.01015625 


.00795 


.2019 


33 


.008 


.009375 


.00708 


.1798 


34 


.007 


.00859375 


.00630 


.1600 


35 


.005 


.0078125 


.00561 


.1425 


36 


.004 


.00703125 


.00500 


.1270 


37 




. 0066406 
.00625 


.00445 
.00396 
.00353 
.00314 
.00280 
.00249 


.1130 


38 




.1006 


39 




.0987 


40 






.0798 


41 






.0711 


42 







.0632 









: Used by U. S. Customs for sheet and plate iron and steel. 



63 



MEMORANDUM 



MEMORANDUM 



MEMORANDUM 



